Differences between measured pipe wall surface temperatures and internal fluid temperatures

Complete Urban Surface Temperatures

An observation program using ground and airborne thermal infrared radiometers is used to estimate the surface temperature of urban areas, taking into account the total active surface area. The authors call this the complete urban surface temperature. This temperature is not restricted by the viewing biases inherent in remote sensors used to estimate surface temperature over rough surfaces such ...

The Correlation between U.S. Tornadoes and Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures

The correlation between tornadic activity in several regions of the United States and the monthly mean sea surface temperature over four zones in the tropical Pacific Ocean is examined. Tornadic activity is gauged with two mostly independent measures: the number of tornadoes per month, and the number of tornadic days per month. Within the assumptions set forth for the analysis, it is found that...

Systematic Differences in Aircraft and Radiosonde Temperatures

W ind and temperature data from radiosondes and aircraft are main sources of in situ information to data assimilation systems for NWP (see Table 1 for acronym definitions). Currently, there are about 150,000 automated aircraft reports per day, used at the NCEP, with approximately 3 times as many temperature observations than there are from radiosondes. NCEP operational analyses use automated ai...

Land surface skin temperatures from a combined analysis of microwave and infrared satellite observations for an all-weather evaluation of the differences between air and skin temperatures

[1] A neural network inversion scheme including first guess information has been developed to retrieve surface temperature Ts, along with atmospheric water vapor, cloud liquid water, and surface emissivities over land from a combined analysis of Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) data. In the absence of routine in situ surface s...

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD ) Plane Poiseuille Flow With Variable Viscosity and Unequal Wall Temperatures