Dialogia 24

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Age303s-24-74764-8 24..32

24 . Cosmic rays 1 24 . COSMIC RAYS

The cosmic radiation incident at the top of the terrestrial atmosphere includes all stable charged particles and nuclei with lifetimes of order 106 years or longer. Technically, “primary” cosmic rays are those particles accelerated at astrophysical sources and “secondaries” are those particles produced in interaction of the primaries with interstellar gas. Thus electrons, protons and helium, as...

معمار 24

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Chapter 24

Chaotic attractors contain unstable periodic orbits of any desired period (this is shown in chapter 22 for Axiom A attractors). Furthermore, for an ergodic attractor we know that any trajectory will eventually come arbitrarily close to any of these orbits. This offers the opportunity for controlling chaos: when the chaotic orbit approaches the unstable periodic orbit of interest it can be attra...