Dense (non-hollow) carbon nanospheres: synthesis and electrochemical energy applications

Porous carbon materials have extraordinary importance as electrodes in many electrochemical devices used for energy storage and conversion. For this reason, there is a growing interest the design of new with improved chemical structural properties that enhance their performance providing high power densities well long cyclability. To satisfy demand, researchers are continuously looking types fulfill above requirements. In respect, nanospheres (CNSs) attracted great attention because, besides typical characteristics materials, they short diffusional pathways provide fast kinetics, which an important feature advanced systems. This review summarizes synthesis strategies to produce non-hollow nanospheres, including methodologies based on use hard (e.g. silica) or soft surfactants) templates, template-free procedures involve production polymer conversion CNSs porous (PCNSs). addition, PCNSs such supercapacitors, batteries alkali-ion, lithium-sulfur, etc.), Li-ion capacitors, ORR electrocatalysts conversion, analyzed detail.