Current Application of Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate in Bone Repair and Its Mechanism to Regulate Osteogenesis

Large segmental bone loss and resection due to trauma and/or the presence of tumors cysts often results in a delay healing or non-union. Currently, autograft is most frequently used strategy manage large loss. Nevertheless, harvesting has limitations, namely sourcing material, requirement an invasive procedure, susceptibility infection. These disadvantages can result complications development substitute materials offers potential alternative overcome these shortcomings. Among biomaterials under consideration date, beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) emerged as promising material for regeneration applications its osteoconductivity osteoinductivity properties well superior degradation vivo. However, current evidence suggests use β-TCP fact mechanisms this observation are yet be comprehensively investigated. In review, we introduce broad application tissue engineering discuss different approaches that scaffolds customized, including physical modification (e.g., pore size, porosity roughness) incorporation metal ions, other bioactive glass) stem cells mesenchymal cells). 3D 4D printed β-TCP-based have also been reviewed. We subsequently how regulate osteogenic processes aid repair/healing, differentiation cells, formation blood vessels, release angiogenic growth factors, clot formation. By way deeper understanding basic repair will achieved which optimization strategies promote regeneration.