Conjuring Karbala Online and Offline

Abstract Majlis sermons are a cornerstone of Shiʾa ritual, and the online growth this practice, mostly as videos, poses challenges for majlis preachers audiences. This article explores Dutch Shiʾas’ experiences majalis ethnographically considers how they vary offline. Practitioners seek authentication in – meaningful, truthful, emotional legitimising experiences. aim to create authentication. text such occur through registers authentication, explored re-memory, embodiment discourse. These employed by sermon recognised audiences produce highly affective religious However, contexts pose ways eliciting shift. describes these shifts explore implications practices.