Competition manipulation in international sport federations’ regulations: a legal synopsis

Abstract Manipulation of competitions has long plagued the sport industry, affecting almost every over time. While sharing certain common features, regulatory provisions and procedural responses to this phenomenon by international federations (IFs), sports’ governing bodies, vary on many aspects, including definition specific offence “competition manipulation” itself, scope application, especially in relationship betting, categories participants, mens rea elements such as recklessness negligent behaviour, reporting obligations, aggravating mitigating factors, applicable sanctions across sports within a sport/discipline. More nuanced items internal disciplinary procedure also federations, standard proof evidence. The purpose study is offer comparative synopsis regulations 43 IFs Olympic non-Olympic sports, provide critical overview aspects above mentioned factors identify areas improvement for future.