Competency and Its Many Meanings

The Many Meanings of Polarized Proof Theory

Proof theory is the study of why a proposition is true in a system, as opposed to the study of which propositions are true. In ordinary classical logic all proofs of the same proposition are indistinguishable, so its proof theory is essentially nonexistent. Polarized logic aims to fill this void as a rich proof theory with classical reasoning principles. In this report we examine polarized logi...

Serotonin's many meanings elude simple theories

D opamine and serotonin are neuromodulators. Produced by small assemblies (or nuclei) of neurons deep in the brain stem, these molecules are projected throughout the brain to regulate the excitability and plasticity of broad neural networks via a fiendishly complex cast of receptor types. The importance of neuromodulators is underscored by their involvement in a wealth of neurological and psych...

The conjunction fallacy and the many meanings of and.

According to the conjunction rule, the probability of A and B cannot exceed the probability of either single event. This rule reads and in terms of the logical operator wedge, interpreting A and B as an intersection of two events. As linguists have long argued, in natural language "and" can convey a wide range of relationships between conjuncts such as temporal order ("I went to the store and b...

The Many Meanings of Evidence: Implications for the Translational Science Agenda in Healthcare

Health systems across the world are concerned with the quality and safety of patient care. This includes investing in research and development to progress advances in the treatment and management of individuals and healthcare organisations. The concept of evidence- based healthcare has gained increasing currency over the last two decades; yet questions persist about the time it takes for new re...

The meanings of health and its promotion.