Comparison of the Essential Oil Content, Constituents and Antioxidant Activity from Different Plant Parts during Development Stages of Wild Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)

The study was conducted to determine fennel essential oil (FEO) yield, composition, and antioxidant activity during four different maturation stages of umbels with seeds (1st stage: immature-pasty; 2nd premature-waxy; 3rd mature-fully ripe; 4th only), leaves wild (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. vulgare) from the Montenegro coast. maximum yield found in premature at waxy stage (4.76 mL/100 g p.m.) fully ripe early fruiting (5.16 p.m.). Fully contained lowest FEO (mL/100 minimum content (0.67%). (E)-anethole (64%), α-phellandrene (11.0%), fenchone (4.8%) were be main components immature umbels. (72.3%), (9.6%) methyl chavicol (9.5%) (71.6%), (10.7%) (10.3%) mature Fennel rich (75.5%) (13.7%). (32.5%), (18.8%), p-cymene (17.3%), β-phellandrene as compounds. decreases (12.37 mg/mL) (37.20 mg/mL). degree DPPH radical neutralization increased incubation time. can harvested before stage, i.e., which considerably reduces seed shedding losses increases yield.