Community Structure of Benthic Algae in a Lotic Ecosystem, Karbala Province-Iraq

Benthic Invertebrate Community Structure

Fundamental to the scientific method is the use of controls or control conditions against which results obtained under test conditions are compared. In field studies, all variables cannot be controlled and replicates cannot be randomly assigned to treatments, so an attempt is made to choose test and control conditions (often represented by different sites) that are as similar as possible; the v...

The Prevalence of Smoking Among Karbala/Iraq University Students in Iraq in 2005

BACKGROUND Tobacco use is considered one of the largest public health threats facing the world. The estimated number of current smokers in the world exceeds 1.3 billion, which means that one third of the world's population above 15 years are smokers. Smoking prevalence is increasing in the developing world but monitoring of this trend is poor in these countries. Studies on smoking in Iraq are s...

Propagule supply controls grazer community structure and primary production in a benthic marine ecosystem.

Early theories of species diversity proposed that communities at equilibrium are saturated with species. However, experiments in plant communities suggest that many communities are unsaturated and species richness can be increased by adding propagules of new species. We experimentally tested for community saturation and measured the effects of propagule supply on community structure in a benthi...

Application of Simapro7 on Karbala Wastewater Treatment Plant, Iraq

The use of treated wastewater is becoming more popular especially in countries suffering from water shortages despite the fact thatwastewater plants have some environmental implications. For this reason there are various software designed to do the assessment. Among these is SimaPro software package designed to make a valuable contribution. It is a powerful tool for analyzing the environmental ...

Effects of Invertebrates in Lotic Ecosystem Processes