Combined geophysical and rock physics workflow for quantitative CO2 monitoring

Safe CO2 storage requires conformance verification, i.e. confirmation that the pressure and accumulation are consistent with modelling forecasts within a given uncertainty range. Quantitative estimates of relevant reservoir parameters (e.g. pore fluid saturations) usually derived from geophysical monitoring data seismic, electromagnetic and/or gravity data) potential prior knowledge reservoir. We describe two-step strategy combining rock physics inversions for quantitative monitoring. A Bayesian formulation is used to propagate account uncertainties in both steps. demonstrate our workflow using datasets Sleipner project (Norwegian North Sea) seismic Full Waveform Inversion inversion. derive frame properties baseline use them as input obtain 2D spatial distribution saturation assessment monitor data. also discuss need advanced models, considering way phases mixed (uniform patchy mixing) trade-off effects on measurements. consequently recommend joint inversion approach, where multi-physics, multi-parameter can be better discrimination pressure, saturation, mixing towards more verification.