Coal and Coal Byproducts as Potential Sources of Rare Earth Elements (REE) in Indiana

The purpose of this study is to evaluate coal and byproducts (coal waste, ash, acid mine drainage) in Indiana as potential sources rare earth elements (REE). On a whole-rock basis, most samples have REE content below 100 ppm, only some the Brazil Staunton Formations (Lower Upper Block Viking B coals) reach ppm. Because concentrations vary between locations within individual beds, correlations coals are often uncertain, better understanding stratigraphy these formations needed identify promising horizons. Owing long history mining, has numerous preparation plants associated coarse-and fine-grained refuse (known, respectively, gobs slurry ponds). This paper reviews available data on volumes deposits. total extent pond deposits was estimated at 2,765 acres, volume estimates ranged from 94,000,000 136,000,000 cubic yards. No for gob Indiana. To our knowledge, no plant waste Indiana, except minimal Warrick County. Water streams abandoned mines processing (acid drainage, AMD) could also be source or other critical minerals; we review AMD sites. having many coal-fired power plants, accumulated large quantity ash during its mining history. Our indicate that occupy ~2,184 storing ~52,566,153 m3 ash. Volume sites come various present best time. Such would great value because an important resource REE, minerals, high-value carbon products.