Climatology of ionosphere over Nepal based on GPS total electron content data from 2008 to 2018

Abstract. In this study, we analyse the climatology of ionosphere over Nepal based on GPS-derived vertical total electron content (VTEC) observed from four stations as defined in Table 1: KKN4 (27.80? N, 85.27? E), GRHI (27.95? 82.49? JMSM (28.80? 83.74? E) and DLPA (28.98? 82.81? during years 2008 to 2018. The study illustrates diurnal, monthly, annual, seasonal solar cycle variations VTEC all times 24. results clearly reveal presence equinoctial asymmetry TEC, which is more pronounced maximum phases year 2014 at station, followed by descending, ascending minimum phases. Diurnal showed short-lived day occurs between 05:00 06:00 LT (local time) considered, with diurnal peaks 12:00 15:00 LT. value TEC often spring equinox than autumn equinox, a few asymmetries. Seasonal variation be manifestation flux, particularly regarding level flux consecutive solstices.