Climatic Niche Differentiation between the Invasive Hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax and Two Native Hornets in Europe, Vespa crabro and Vespa orientalis

The introduction and expansion of the Asian yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina nigrithorax) in Europe poses concern for multiple reasons, including biodiversity conservation. In addition to predation native insects (e.g., bees wasps), this species may compete with hornets due an overlap their climatic trophic niches. aim study is investigate realised niche V. v. nigrithorax its response conditions evaluate degree niches two Vespa present Europe, crabro orientalis. both partially invasive (Schoener’s D, 0.43 0.28 orientalis), although some differences can be detected. appears more adapted cold dry than species, orientalis arid climates. These provide a competitive advantage areas lower environmental suitability nigrithorax, probable event that continues spread, reaching all predicted suitable Mediterranean basin.