Climate change and micro-topography are facilitating the mountain invasion by a non-native perennial plant species

Mountainous areas and their endemic plant diversity are threatened by global climate change invasive species. Mountain invasions have historically been minimal, however, increased anthropogenic activity (e.g. roads vehicles) amplifying invasion pressure. We assessed performance (stem density fruit production) of the non-native forb Linaria dalmatica along three mountain roads, over an eight-year period (2008–2015) in Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), USA. evaluated how L. performed response to elevation, changed time, responded our sites has changed, compared climate, micro-topography (slope aspect angle), production among with differing temporal trends. stem elevation demonstrated two groups, those populations where densities shrank that remained stable or grew time. Stem a hump-shaped summer mean temperature, while decreased maximum temperature showed winter precipitation. Analysis both short long-term data from sites, temperatures increasing winters getting wetter. The shrinking population group had lower hotter temperatures, drier winters, plots differed slope angle stable/growing group, produced less fruit. Regional projections predict observed trends will continue, which likely benefit at higher elevations. conclude may persist elevations it poses little threat, its into mountains continue roadways, expanding GYE.