Clauses of Tribute in Hittite Vassal-Treaties

Hittite andurza “inside, indoors” and the Indo-Hittite Hypothesis

Hittite attests an adverbial form andurza, with the basic meaning " inside; indoors ". It is often found opposed in ritual texts to askáz (ablative of aska-'gate') " out of the gate, outdoors " (see Puhvel [1984: s.v.] for citations); it also occurs in treaties with reference to rebellions in the meaning " in the interior, internally " , and is therein opposed to aravza (an old ablative of arva...

Local Adverbs in Hittite: Synchrony and Diachrony

Words expressing spatial relationships in Hittite are synchronically adverbs, not case forms of nouns as sometimes alleged. They are attested in three distinct syntactic roles: postpositions, preverbs, and freestanding adverbs. Some of these local adverbs are inherited from Proto-Indo-European, while others reflect petrified case forms of nouns. Postpositions from inherited local adverbs origin...

Tribute.

Climate treaties and approaching catastrophes

If the threshold that triggers climate catastrophe is known with certainty, and the benefits of avoiding catastrophe are high relative to the costs, treaties can easily coordinate countries’ behavior so as to avoid the threshold. Where the net benefits of avoiding catastrophe are lower, treaties typically fail to help countries cooperate to avoid catastrophe, sustaining only modest cuts in emis...

Treaties: Behaviour-Controlling Capabilities

Conventional approaches to access-control, such as ACLs, do not scale well enough for distributed systems. Capabilities on the other hand offer scalability and adaptability advantages in large-scale distributed environments due to their being held and managed by the system’s users/agents rather than by the middleware. However the structure of capabilities is only able to provide simple sequence...