Cisuralian and Guadalupian global paleobiogeography of fusulinids in response to tectonics, ocean circulation and climate change

During the Permian, major icehouse-greenhouse climate shifts and tectonic reconfiguration had important biogeographic implications, especially for climate-sensitive organisms such as fusulinids. Here we present multivariate methods on a global fusulinid species dataset including 1546 from 58 localities in Early (Asselian, Sakmarian, Artinskian Kungurian) Middle (Roadian, Wordian Capitanian) Permian. Our results show that provincialism was high Asselian, Artinskian, driven by development of multiple bioregions near Tethys Ocean. Uralian sites nearby regions western were distinct eastern Tethys, while stations Arctic Russia Norway formed separate Boreal bioregion. Tectonic closure oceanic gateway southern Urals resulted progressive isolation during Sakmarian their ultimate disappearance Kungurian. Climate warming likely most control formation peri-Gondwana bioregion, because its coincided with deglaciation following Late Paleozoic Ice Age but preceded separation Cimmerian terranes northern margin Gondwana. On other hand, northward movement blocks Artinskian-Kungurian rifting ultimately led to merger peri-Gondwanan bioregion tropical Tethyan faunas, resulting lower Guadalupian minimal faunal differentiation across Tethys. In contrast, similarity between Panthalassa (the McCloud region southwestern United States) higher Asselian-Artinskian decreased Kungurian perhaps result sluggish ocean circulation episode deglaciation.