Characterization and Thermal Treatment of the Black Mass from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Recycling lithium-ion batteries is crucial for the environment and sustainability of primary resources. In this paper, we report on characterization two grades black mass from spent (with typical lithium–nickel–manganese–cobalt oxide cathode compositions) their behavior during heating trials. This study paves way optimizing battery recycling processes by fully characterizing samples before after heating. A gas release under pyrolytic conditions was detected using a multicomponent spectrometer included dimethyl carbonate, diethyl oxygenated hydrocarbons, other miscellaneous gases. can be attributed to evaporation volatile organic compounds, conductive salt, polyvinylidene fluoride binder, an separator such as polypropylene. Thermal treatment led partial decomposition binder into char newly formed fluorine cuboids. The compaction decreased, but remaining limited processes. By 900 °C, intensity X-ray diffraction graphitic carbon peak lithium metal oxides were reduced corresponding metals. graphite in structurally more disordered than natural became ordered when heated.