Characterisation and performance of three Kenaf coagulation products under different operating conditions

The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.1, established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015, targets universal and equitable access to safe affordable drinking water for all 2030. An essential factor achieving this goal is harnessing of “green” coagulants – naturally occurring, environmentally friendly materials which are effective use treatment, with good availability developing countries, inherent renewable properties ease biodegradation. In order gain from these benefits, it fully understand how such may best be utilised, particularly concerning their practical application countries. study, three different plant-based coagulation products (PCPs), namely Hexane (HxKP), saline (StKP) crude (CrKP) extracts Kenaf plant seed (Hibiscus cannabinus, a species Hibiscus plant), were applied high (HTW), medium (MTW) low (LTW) turbidity determine performance ability. ability coagulant (KCPs) remove hydrophobic fractions natural organic matter (NOM) was measured. impact KCPs on treated content (a known disinfection by-product (DBP) precursor) examined using surrogates i.e. dissolved carbon (DOC), ultraviolet absorbance at 254 (UV254) specific (SUVA254). Results obtained quantify implications during process. A parametric measuring effect operating parameters, as untreated turbidity, pH, dosages, retention time, KCP storage completed. Turbidity removal HxKP StKP very > 90% recorded HTW MTW, respectively, pH seven within 2 hours time. Images scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed likelihood mechanism adsorption-interparticle bridging brought about flake-like structures surfaces charges. Varying had no measurable influence KCPs. Comparing efficiency MoringaOleifera (MO, previously researched PCP) alum showed that negligibly particle MO. below 1% LTW 2% MTW but performed higher than CrKP 5% 7% respectively. optimum dosage reduced DBP surrogate values, indicating its precursor also minimized, although slight shift significant rise concentration thus signifying potential increase DBPs disinfection.