Cases Update

update on the treatment of adult cases of human brucellosis

Answers to Nephrology : Challenging Cases Update in Internal Medicine – 2016

1. A. The sodium-glucose transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, empaglifloxin (Jardiance®), dapagliflozin (Farxiga®), and canagliflozin (Invokana®) inhibit proximal tubular glucose reabsorption resulting in renal glucosuria. These drugs can cause weight loss, natriuresis with volume depletion, hypotension, bacterial or fungal UTI, and ketoacidosis even in Type 2 diabetics. Ketoacidosis is more like...

Esophageal Sarcoidosis: A Review of Cases and an Update

Sarcoidosis is a chronic disorder that can virtually affect any organ system in the body. Histologically, it is characterized by the presence of T lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, and noncaseating granulomas. Most commonly affected are the intrathoracic structures, with 90% of the reported cases involving the lungs. Esophageal involvement in sarcoidosis is extremely rare. Dysphagia is the m...

Neonatal lupus erythematosus: a cutaneous cases based update

BACKGROUND Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus (NLE) is an uncommon autoimmune disease characterized by cutaneous, hepatic, hematological, neurological and cardiac involvement. CASE PRESENTATION Here we report four cases of cutaneous NLE which were referred to our department in the last 10 years and update literature. The newborns presented with different skin, clinical and laboratory features. This...

Pulmonary Nocardiosis: Review of Cases and an Update

Nocardia, a branching, filamentous bacteria, is widely distributed in the environment and can cause human infection in immune-compromised hosts. Inhalation of Nocardia leads to pulmonary disease. Microbiology laboratory processed the clinical samples from patients with respiratory infections. Smears were prepared from the samples and were stained and cultured. Five cases were positive for Nocar...