Cal Ag an “information bulwark”

The skin is an important bulwark of acquired immunity against intestinal helminths

Once animals have experienced a helminthic infection, they often show stronger protective immunity against subsequent infections. Although helminthic infections are well known to elicit Th2-type immune responses, it remains ill-defined where and how acquired protection is executed. Here we show that skin-invading larvae of the intestinal helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis are surrounded by s...

Federal Grants-in-Aid: A Bulwark of State Governments

T HE grant-in-aid is probably one of the most widely used and least understood activities or devices of government today. In the past 10 or 15 years, many studies have been undertaken and many volumes have been written about grants-inaid, and yet the nature of the grant, its place in our system of government, its purpose, and its effect are little understood-and are often seriously misunderstoo...

Emancipating Sexuality: Breakthroughs into a Bulwark of Tradition

This article presents evidence for a rising emancipatory spirit, across generations and around the world, in a life domain in which religion hitherto blocked emancipatory gains: sexual freedoms. We propose an explanation of rising emancipative values that integrates several approaches into a single idea-the utility ladder of freedoms. Specifically, we suggest that objectively improving living c...

Formal Specification and Verification Using +CAL: An Experience Report

We present a case study on the use of the +CAL specification language as applied to the process interaction semantics of the MPI standard. We also present preliminary, but highly encouraging, results from a generalization of the notion of cluster-based partial-order reduction in the context of +CAL model checking. Called generalized static reduction (GSR), this approach takes advantage of the c...

Context Cal ulus 1