Bowel diseases: controversial terminology problems and classification

Hypaxial muscle: controversial classification and controversial data?

Hypaxial muscle is the anatomical term commonly used when referring to all the ventrally located musculature in the body of vertebrates, including muscles of the body wall and the limbs. Yet these muscles had very humble beginnings when vertebrates evolved from their chordate ancestors, and complex anatomical changes and changes in underlying gene regulatory networks occurred. This review summa...

The Bowel Microbiota and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

The human bowel contains a large and biodiverse bacterial community known as the microbiota or microbiome. It seems likely that the microbiota, fractions of the microbiota, or specific species comprising the microbiota provide the antigenic fuel that drives the chronic immune inflammation of the bowel mucosa that is characteristic of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. At least twenty years...

Pathology of interstitial lung diseases, with particular reference to terminology, classification and trephine lung biopsy.

Problems with blood pressure terminology.

Problems With Blood Pressure Terminology To the Editor: Svetkey’s1 analysis of a notional patient presenting with seated blood pressure 132/84 serves a valuable function in summarizing the multiple nonpharmacological ways in which chronic, resting blood pressure can be reduced. At the same time, it emphasizes some anomalies and difficulties that are associated with current thinking about hypert...

Controversial molecular classification of human cerebrovascular malformations.

Controversial Molecular Classification of Human Cerebrovascular Malformations To the Editor: The identification of underlying causal genes in familial forms of cerebrovascular malformations allows the dissection of an increasing number of these disorders at the molecular level. In recent years, mutations in CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2/MGC4607, and CCM3/PDCD10 have been found to cause autosomal dominantly ...