Biological nanomotors, driving forces of life

Life is driven by awe-inspiring coordinated movements observed in cells and tissues. In each cell, nm-size molecular motor proteins contribute to these as they power numerous mechanical processes with precision complex orchestration. For the multiple functions that an eukaryotic cell accomplish, motility essential both at cellular scales. Tissue morphogenesis, migration, division or differentiation are all controlled precise action of such nanomotors work on cytoskeletal tracks using ATP fuel. The study has a long history scientists disciplines have contributed its understanding. first part this review compares myosin kinesin motors describe principles underlying how convert chemical energy into movement. second part, I will sequence differences selected through evolution can lead distinct force production output despite common mechanism. Motors within superfamily thus carry out cells. Such give rise their individual, specific properties, including reversal directionality ability organize tracks. structural biology reveal unexpected surprising structures, certainty when visualized atomic resolution, been great advantage for field. critical insights gained from structures be carefully tested functional experiments, leading progress defining role play Last, targeting beneficial human health. Allosteric sites small molecules act activators inhibitors produced nanomotors. While frequent mutations disease phenotypes, high therapeutic potential allosteric effectors now established heart muscle diseases should extended treat other pathologies.