Bioinspired nanostructured bactericidal surfaces

The rise of antimicrobial resistance as a pressing global healthcare challenge underscores the need to identify novel strategies tackle pathogenic bacteria. Many naturally occurring nanostructures exhibit an innate ability deactivate bacterial cells by physical contact. However, several aspects underlying mechanisms are poorly understood due complex interactions with nanostructures, which difficult simulate using theoretical models. This review describes experimental reports state-of-the-art in designing bioinspired mechano-bactericidal surfaces and models elucidate phenomena at cell–material interface. different processes used make nanostructured their effects on bactericidal activity summarized. Recent findings disputing current understanding critically discussed. Lastly, challenges opportunities fabricating devices implants for clinical use presented.