Atmosphere and Terrain Coupling Simulation Framework for High-Resolution Visible-Thermal Spectral Imaging over Heterogeneous Land Surface

Realistic modeling of high-resolution earth radiation signals in the visible-thermal spectral domain remains difficult, due to complex interdependence induced by heterogeneous and rugged features land surface. To find trade-off between accuracy efficiency for image simulation, this paper established a unified simulation framework entire domain, based on energy balance solar-reflected thermal components over surfaces. Considering joint contributions atmospheric topographic adjacency effects, three spatial–spectral convolution kernels were uniformly designed quantify irradiance, trapping effect, effect. Radiation signal was implemented forms: surface temperature (LST), bottom atmosphere (BOA) radiance, top (TOA) radiance. The validated with onboard data from China’s Gaofen-5 visual infrared multispectral sensor (VIMS) desert. results demonstrate that root mean square relative deviations simulated TOA radiance are related terrain, as 3–17% 6–38% summer winter scene, respectively. evaluation indicates utility uncertainty associated terrain coupling design operation stages.