Asynapsis and meiotic restitution in tomato male meiosis induced by heat stress

Susceptibility of the reproductive system to temperature fluctuations is a recurrent problem for crop production under changing climate. The damage complex as multiple processes in male and female gamete formation are affected, but general, particularly pollen impaired. Here, impact short periods elevated on meiosis tomato ( Solanum lycopersicon L.) reported. Meiocytes early stage flower buds exposed heat stress (>35°C) exhibit impaired homolog synapsis resulting partial complete omission chiasmata formation. In absence chiasmata, univalents segregate randomly developing unbalanced tetrads polyads aneuploid spores. However, most heat-stressed meiotic primarily contain balanced dyads, indicating propensity execute restitution. With meiocytes exhibiting loss chiasma concomitantly showing mitotic-like division, triggers first division restitution clonal These findings corroborate with plasticity establish natural route induction sexual polyploidization plants engineering seed.