Assessment of 232Th, 226Ra, 137Cs, and 40 K concentrations and annual effective dose due to the consumption of Vietnamese fresh milk

Abstract Vietnam has little data on radionuclide concentrations in milk, despite steadily increasing domestic consumption. Eight milk brands were investigated by gamma-spectrometry, and the resulting ingestion dose was calculated. The 232 Th, 226 Ra, 137 Cs, 40 K varied from 0.60 ± 0.19 to 1.21 0.24, 1.45 0.18 2.45 below detection limit 0.13 0.06, 341 6 387 7 Bq/kg (dry w.t). total average Annual Effective Dose for all age groups similar brands, are far less than WHO guidance level. All safe