Application of Biogas and Biomethane as Maritime Fuels: A Review of Research, Technology Development, Innovation Proposals, and Market Potentials

This review paper examines the applicability of biogas and biomethane as potential maritime fuels issues these from a supply chain perspective (from production to end use). The objectives are identify: (1) latest research, development, innovation activities; (2) key barriers related technology readiness bring biogas/biomethane market; (3) commercialisation issues, including cost parity with natural gas (the main competitor). A survey literature was carried out based on research articles grey literature. PESTEL SWOT analyses identified opportunities for due relevant regulations (e.g., Fit 55; recent inclusion Mediterranean Sea SECA PM control area; MPEC 79), market-based measures, environmental, social, governance strategies. biomass feedstock is estimated have substantial value that can satisfy energy needs industry. However, costs high; be 2–4 times higher compared gas. market moving in direction alternative drop-in fuels, liquefied compressed (LBM CBM) biogas. In terms penetration, LBM used marine fuel existing fleet already combust LNG LPG similar handling. Currently, vessels tankers. newly built vessels, also supplied container ships, vehicle carriers, bulk carriers (about 20% vessels). Provided infrastructure exists, CBM exploited low space requirements shore-side electrification, because investments retrofits lower constructing new infrastructure.