An effective environmental enrichment framework for the continual improvement of production animal welfare

Abstract Substrates and objects are provided to farm animals on the assumption that they improve animal welfare by enriching environment, but these often fail consider extent which an environmental enrichment (EE) improves welfare, if at all. Furthermore, there numerous definitions of EE, each with a unique expectation. If expectations improvement set too high, industry uptake may be thwarted, thresholds low it will not result in meaningful improvements welfare. We propose EE framework based revised reflect various components welfare: (i) pseudo-enrichment; (ii) for meeting basic needs; (iii) pleasure; (iv) positive balance. This requires short- long-term assessments determine impact although many lacking production literature. Redefining focus specific outcomes assist producers identifying optimal their enterprise. Subsequently, we encourage dialogue between farmers, researchers stakeholders when designing programmes. is science-based tool can used inform development clear assessment protocols requirements legislation, assurance programmes industry. evidence-based ensures outcome rather than intent. Importantly, this has flexibility adapt even as baseline environments evolve, ensuring continual