An accuracy analysis of mangrove tree height mensuration using forestry techniques, hypsometers and UAVs

Tree height is a fundamental measurement in forest inventory studies and critical variable for the assessment of tree biomass, carbon stock site productivity. However, measuring often challenging task may generate errors. This study provides an accuracy analysis heights measured through different methods ranging from traditional techniques (thumb rule stick method) to trigonometric equipment (clinometer, laser rangefinder, altimeter), advanced technologies (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle or UAV distometer). Along with scientific insights situ application these methods, factors generating errors mensuration its impact on biomass estimation were determined. Our results showed that amount error varies one method another. The was highest thumb (15%) while range similar clinometer (7.7%), rangefinder (7.1%) altimeter (7.5%). Parameters such as form, status (i.e., if either isolated within canopy) found significantly affect generation during measurements. Information extent which influenced by associated use instruments direction (overestimation underestimation biomass) are discussed. Finally, we recommend choice field depends certain cost, available time manpower, required skills, observation generated each methods.