Acute effects of delayed-release hydrolyzed pine nut oil on glucose tolerance, incretins, ghrelin and appetite in healthy humans

SummaryBacground & aim Pinolenic acid, a major component (~20%) of pine nut oil, is dual agonist the free fatty acid receptors, FFA1 and FFA4, which may regulate release incretins ghrelin from gut. Here, we investigated acute effects hydrolyzed oil (PNO-FFA), delivered to small intestine by delayed-release capsules, on glucose tolerance, insulin, incretin secretion, appetite. Methods In two cross-over studies, evaluated 3 g unhydrolyzed (PNO-TG) or PNO-FFA versus no in eight healthy, non-obese subjects (study 1), 6 ten overweight/obese 2) both studies given capsules 30 min prior 4-h-oral tolerance test (OGTT). Outcomes were circulating levels glucose, GLP-1, GIP, ghrelin, appetite gastrointestinal tolerability during OGTT. Results Both study 1 2 markedly increased GLP-1 (p < 0.001) attenuated last h OGTT compared with oil. 2, these accompanied an satiety fullness 0.03), decreased prospective food consumption 0.05). caused only reductions insulin first Conclusions Our results provide evidence that reduce augmenting attenuating secretion late postprandial state. Clinical trial registry numbers NCT03062592 NCT03305367.