A System for Fluoridating Individual Water Supplies

The cost-effectiveness of fluoridating water supplies in New Zealand.

OBJECTIVE Tooth decay has been substantially reduced in New Zealand, and the difference in caries rates between fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas has narrowed. We investigated whether it is cost-effective to fluoridate water supplies that are now non-fluoridated. METHODS The net cost of fluoridation was based on the cost of fluoridating a water supply minus the averted costs of treating d...

Chemical contamination of water supplies.

Man-made organic chemicals have been found in drinking water for many years. Their numbers and varieties increase as our analytical capabilities improve. The identified chemicals comprise 10 to 20% of the total organic matter present. These are volatile or low molecular weight compounds which are easily identified. Many of them are carcinogenic or mutagenic. Chlorinated compounds have been foun...

Adding fluoride to water supplies.

Simulation of gamma irradiation system for a ballast water treatment

  ABSTRACT Background: Invasion  by  different  kinds  of  ballast  water  microorganisms  is  one  of  the  most important  marine  environment  problems  around  the  world therefore  preventing the  invasion  of  these  unwanted  and  harmful  stowaways  is  one  of  the  main strategies  of  responsible  agencies.  Some  of  these  methods  such  as  ocean excha...

Bacterial nitrification in chloraminated water supplies.

Nitrifying bacteria were detected in 64% of samples collected from five chloraminated water supplies in South Australia and in 20.7% of samples that contained more than 5.0 mg of monochloramine per liter. Laboratory experiments confirmed that nitrifying bacteria are relatively resistant to the disinfectant. Increased numbers of the bacteria were associated with accelerated decays of monochloram...