A space view of agricultural and industrial changes during the Syrian civil war

The agricultural sector in Syria was heavily affected by the civil war that started 2011. We investigate war’s impact on country’s atmospheric ammonia (NH3) from 2008 to 2019, using measurements infrared sounding interferometer instrument board Metop satellites. examine changes NH3 close a fertilizer industry, whose activities were suspended due conflict-related events. also explore effect of war-induced land use/land cover agriculture-emitted north-east has witnessed battles between different groups. interpretation is supported datasets: visible satellite imagery assess industrial activity, reanalysis data European center for medium-range weather forecasts look at meteorology (temperature, wind speed, and precipitation), burned area products moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) fire events during study period. show columns are directly war. Periods intense conflict reflected lower values over industry reaching –17%, –47%, –32% 2013, 2014, 2016, respectively, compared [2008–2012] average, decrease –14% –15% croplands’ northeast 2017 2018 (compared 2011), respectively. Toward end control Islamic State Iraq Syria, an increase accompanied reached up +35% 2019 as prewar (2011). This shows relevance remote-sensing composition studying societal local regional scale.