A Review of the Emerging Risks of Acute Ammonia Nitrogen Toxicity to Aquatic Decapod Crustaceans
نویسندگان
چکیده
Waterborne ammonia is becoming one of the most notorious pollutants in aquatic habitats and has been shown to induce a range ecotoxicological effects on animals. High concentrations occur mainly intensive aquaculture systems, effective wastewater treatment agricultural systems are necessary treat excessive nitrogenous compounds. Ammonia can enter decapod crustaceans through their gills, thereby reducing oxygen-carrying capacity blood cells damaging structures organs such as gills hepatopancreas. This ultimately results oxidative stress, immunotoxicity, high mortality. Crustaceans have ability exert detoxification functions against stress by regulating permeation related compounds membranes. To best our knowledge, comprehensive review acute toxicity lacking. The present focuses literature problems mechanisms concerning ammonia-induced aims synthesize knowledge relationship between defense responses (mainly shrimp crabs). also emphasizes uptake, elimination, crustaceans.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Water
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['2073-4441']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010027