A novel pressed coal from citrus and cooking oil wastes using fungi

Abstract Nowadays renewable energy with low prices is a global target that has taken the attention to compare alternatives sources fossil fuels. Therefore, this study was established find suitable and sustainable alternative low-cost fuels source. Cooking oil waste (COW) mixed non-pretreated citrus tree fibers (CTF) (0.5 mL 1 g ratio) pressed formulate coal (CTF/COW). Otherwise, mixture subjected in situ fungal pretreated using Aspergillus flavus isolate simplify composition offer usable form enhancing their heating value for first time. CTF/COW characterized attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) thermal analysis (TGA) before after treatment. The observed enzyme productivity activity of CMCase, avicelase, xylanase, mannanase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, lignin peroxidase lipase according assays chemical compositions CTF treatment, where best PH enzymes extraction between 5 7. increased by about two half folds comparison coal. Moreover, calorific tCTF/COW 43,422 kJ/kg, which higher than recorded 18,214 kJ/kg COW 39,823 kJ/kg. Our result suggests treatment trees cooking presents as promising eco-friendly Graphical