A hybrid immersed boundary method for dense particle-laden flows

A novel smooth immersed boundary method (IBM) based on a direct-forcing formulation is proposed to simulate incompressible dense particle-laden flows. This IBM relies regularization of the transfer function between Eulerian grid points (to discretise fluid governing equations) and Lagrangian markers represent particle surface) fulfill no-slip condition at surfaces particles, allowing both symmetrical non-symmetrical interpolation spreading supports be used. enables that local source term contributions grid, accounting for enforced marker surface particle, can present inside only when this beneficial, instance near another or domain boundary. However, not boundary, operators are locally symmetrical, meaning ``classic'' scheme adopted. approach, named hybrid (HyBM), validated with number test-cases from literature. These results show HyBM achieves more accurate compared classical framework, especially coarser mesh resolutions, there close wall.