A Generic Model for Swarm Intelligence and Its Validations

The modeling of emergent swarm intelligence constitutes a major challenge and it has been tacked in number different ways. However, existing approaches fail to capture the nature they are either too abstract for practical application or not generic enough describe various types emergence phenomena. In this paper, contradiction-centric model is proposed, which individuals determine their behaviors based on internal contradictions whilst associate interact update contradictions. hypothesizes that 1) rooted development individuals' interactions taking place between environment, 2) essentially combinative reflection configurations distributions these across individuals. formally described five systems studied illustrate its broad applicability. studies confirm character effectiveness describing kinds intelligence; also demonstrate straightforward apply, without need complicated computations.