the oil refining industries are using a number of demulsifiers for dewatering and desalination of crude oil but experience has shown that universal demulsifiers can not be produced. each kind of water in oil (w/o) emulsion requires specific by composition demulsifier. in practice, synergetic effect of the interaction between different types of demulsifiers is often sought. for dewatering the w...

background: the dispersed phase volume fraction plays key role in oil-in-water emulsion stability by different mechanisms like partial flocculation, depletion flocculation and bridging flocculation. since the mentioned mechanism is affected by emulsifier concentration presented in system, the major aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dispersed phase volume fraction on physical st...

Emulsion of waxy crude oil is one of the common states in the subsea pipeline. At low temperatures in offshore environment, waxy crude oils with water could form the crude oil emulsion gel of oil-in-water emulsion. Thus, the waxy crude oil emulsion viscoelastic behavior for deep sea transportation and restarting pipeline safety is particularly important. By means of MASIII HAAKE rheometer which...

In situ combustion of a water-in-oil emulsion layer supported on water is a complex process. In this paper, the combustion process of water-in-oil emulsion layers floating on top of a water body, as in the case of in situ burning of oil spilled at sea that has turned into emulsion, is modeled by using comprehensive mathematical treatment, and the results are compared with data obtained in our l...

Background: The dispersed phase volume fraction plays key role in oil-in-water emulsion stability by different mechanisms like partial flocculation, depletion flocculation and bridging flocculation. Since the mentioned mechanism is affected by emulsifier concentration presented in system, the major aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dispersed phase volume fraction on physical st...

Fully sulfonated poly(styrenesulfonate) brushes were grown from the surface of colloidal silica particles and used to prepare stable trichloroethylene-in-water and heptane-in-water Pickering emulsions. These particles were highly charged and colloidally stable in water but could not be dispersed in trichloroethylene or heptane. Both two-phase (emulsion plus neat water) and three-phase (emulsion...

The resistance of cattle with varying serum-antitoxin titres was determined by per os challenge. The results proved that a solid immunity can be produced against C. botulinum toxins C1 and D. The immune response of cattle to various quantities of C. botulinum C1 and D toxoids, aluminium-phosphate-adsorbed and in water-in-oil emulsion was investigated. The response to antigen in water-in-oil emu...

Water-in-oil emulsions are commonly used to provide persistent release of antigens necessary for sustained stimulation of the immune system. Optimal response of an animal's immune system is dependent upon repeated, maintained exposure to the antigen. The sustained release of antigen, which delays catab-olism, is thought to be one of the major methods by which adjuvants enhance the immune respon...