although there is enough knowledge indicating on the influence of frequency content of input motion on the deformation demand of structures, state-of-the-practice seismic studies use the intensity measures such as peak ground acceleration (pga) which are not frequency dependent. the v max/a max ratio of strong ground motions can be used in seismic hazard studies as the representative of frequen...

We consider maps fK(v) = minA∈K Av and gK(v) = maxA∈KAv, where K is a finite set of nonnegative matrices and by “min” and “max” we mean component-wise minimum and maximum. We transfer known results about properties of gK to fK. In particular we show existence of nonnegative generalized eigenvectors of fK, give necessary and sufficient conditions for existence of strictly positive eigenvector of...

We study properties of the quantale spectrum MaxA of an arbitrary unital C*-algebra A. In particular we show that the spatialization of MaxA with respect to one of the notions of spatiality in the literature yields the locale of closed ideals of A when A is commutative. We study under general conditions functors with this property, in addition requiring that colimits be preserved, and we conclu...

We study functorial properties of the quantale spectrum MaxA of an arbitrary unital C*-algebra A. In particular we show that the spatialization of MaxA with respect to one of the notions of spatiality in the literature yields the locale of closed ideals of A when A is commutative. We study under general conditions functors with this property, in addition requiring that inductive limits be prese...

Let A, B ⊆ Z be finite, nonempty subsets with minA = minB = 0, and let δ(A,B) = n 1 if A ⊆ B, 0 otherwise. If maxB ≤ maxA ≤ |A|+ |B| − 3 and (1) |A+B| ≤ |A|+ 2|B| − 3− δ(A,B), then we show A + B contains an arithmetic progression with difference 1 and length |A|+ |B| − 1. As a corollary, if (1) holds, max(B) ≤ max(A) and either gcd(A) = 1 or else gcd(A+ B) = 1 and |A+B| ≤ 2|A|+ |B| − 3, then A+...

where the Ai . 0 and 21 , ai , 1 for i 1⁄4 1; . . . ; p. By a logarithmic change of coordinates, equation (2) is converted to a difference equation of type (1), and it can be concluded from Corollary 2.4 that (2) converges to maxA 1=ð12aiÞ i for all positive initial conditions. Max-type difference equations have been considered by a number of authors, including [1–9,11–14]. Ladas poses an inter...

AIM To investigate the hypothesis that mitochondrial efficiency (i.e. P/O ratio) is higher in type I than in type II fibres during submaximal rates of respiration. METHODS Mitochondria were isolated from rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles, representing type I and type II fibres, respectively. Mitochondrial efficiency (P/O ratio) was determined with pyruvate (Pyr) or palmit...

The balance between the capacities of RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) carboxylation (V(cmax)) and RuBP regeneration (expressed as the maximum electron transport rate, J(max)) determines the CO(2) dependence of the photosynthetic rate. As it has been suggested that this balance changes depending on the growth temperature, the hypothesis that the seasonal change in air temperature affects the ba...

The present study examined the rheological blood velocity profile in the conduit femoral artery during rhythmic muscle contractions at different muscle forces. Eight healthy volunteers performed one-legged, dynamic knee-extensor exercise at work rates of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 W at 60 contractions per minute. The time and space-averaged, amplitude-weighted mean (V(mean)) and maximum (V(max)) blo...