the concept of “ultra vires” has been studied in two specific areas: in company law and in discussions on the issues of capacity and acts of representatives. historically, in english law, ultra vires acts were considered as void, and neither representatives nor shareholders could approve them at a later time. subsequently, judges in common law system changed their approach from a restricted cap...

AbstractThe Board of Directors a Limited Liability Company has the task and authority to carry out management company in accordance with company's articles association. If board directors commits acts outside purposes objectives exceeds limits given by UUPT, association gms decisions, then actions can be categorized as act ultra vires. The vires doctrine is that considers null void any action g...

Electronic transactions with commercial values between two business parties may want to be legally bound. Digital signature is an important security mechanism to provide evidence regarding the status of a transaction. However, evidence solely based on digital signatures may not enforce strong nonrepudiation. Additional mechanisms are required to make digital signatures as valid non-repudiation ...

assistive technologies have always opened new horizons in human’s life, posed solutions to problems and brought relief and prosperity for human beings. iranian judicial authorities have recently recognized the importance of medical technologies. accordingly, iranian legal system has recognized surrogacy and a surrogacy contract seems unavoidable for surrogacy to be legally valid, socially accep...