Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ1, β2, and β3) are 25 kDa disulfide-linked homodimers that regulate many aspects of cellular functions, consist of proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and extracellular matrix formation. TGFβs mediate their biological activities by binding of growth factor ligand to two related, functionally distinct, single-pass transmembrane receptor kinases, known as...

The TGFβ receptors signal through phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of SMAD2/3. SMAD7, a transcriptional target of TGFβ signals, negatively regulates the TGFβ pathway by recruiting E3 ubiquitin ligases and targeting TGFβ receptors for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. In this report, we identify a deubiquitylating enzyme USP11 as an interactor of SMAD7. USP11 enhances TGFβ signalling and ...

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is a secreted polypeptide that plays essential roles in cellular development and homeostasis. Although mechanisms of TGFβ-induced responses have been characterized, our understanding of TGFβ signaling remains incomplete. Here, we uncover a novel function for the protein kinase NDR1 (nuclear Dbf2-related 1) in TGFβ responses. Using an immunopurification app...

background: in fertility studies, it has been shown that transforming growth factor β (tgfβ) and interlukin 10 (il-10) play very important roles in implantation, maternal immune tolerance, placentation and fetal development, and the release beginning of release for fetal and postnatal death. the present study aims to determine the effects of the postmating administration of neutralizing antibod...

The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway plays critical roles during cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. SMAD7 is both a transcriptional target and a negative regulator of TGFβ signalling, thus mediating a negative feedback loop that may potentially restrain TGFβ responses of cancer cells. Here, however, we show that TGFβ treatment induces SMAD7 transcript...

Background and aim: The role of transforming growth factor β-1 (TGFβ-1) in neuroendocrine tumour biology is currently unknown. We therefore examined the expression and biological significance of TGFβ signalling components in neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tract. Methods: Expression of TGFβ-1 and its receptors, Smads and Smad regulated proteins, was examined in...

Background In fertility studies, it has been shown that transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and interlukin 10 (IL-10) play very important roles in implantation, maternal immune tolerance, placentation and fetal development, and the release beginning of release for fetal and postnatal death. The present study aims to determine the effects of the postmating administration of neutralizing antibodi...

Chronic human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) infections are characterized by mucosal inflammation in the presence of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). The mechanisms for refractiveness to TGFβ are not clear. Here we show that the expression of microRNA miR-155 was significantly upregulated in the oropharyngeal mucosa...

The signalling pathways downstream of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) family of cytokines play critical roles in all aspects of cellular homeostasis. The phosphorylation and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) has been implicated in TGFβ-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and apoptosis. The precise molecular mechanisms by which TGFβ cytokines induce th...

I 1 Summary During this thesis, several novel aspects of TGFβ in human CD4 + T cell biology were investigated. First, we were interested, which factors control the resting state of CD4 + T cells. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis of serum-deprived CD4 + T cells revealed TGFβ to be the most prominent factor controlling the homeostasis of CD4 + T cells. Furthermore, we could show that TGFβ is ...