the imams of ahl al-bayt (‘a) have applied three methods in dealing with rulers as follows: taqiyyah (assimilation), armed struggle, and occultation. they have applied taqiyyah for keeping the unity among muslims and their followers. this does not mean that they have kept silent and did not care about muslims, rather they had active role in social life. an example of this active role is the ima...

This study intends to identify the establishment of Islamic social construction in Shi’a community Pekalongan City. Qualitative research applied this gathered from case studies using a phenomenological approach. Data came in-depth observation, interviews, and documentation. The theory formulated by Peter L. Berger Thomas Luckmann became basic analysis. results showed that Islam City was formed ...