background and objectives: infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) results in dysregulation of the cytokine profile. a switch from a t helper 1 (th1) to a th2 cytokine has been proposed as an important factor in progression of hiv infection to aids. the aim of the present study was to assess the level of th1 and th2 cytokines in hiv infected individuals in order to identify the switch...

Objective: In Persian medicine (PM), wet-cupping therapy (WCT) is the most utilized approach. WCT is mostly done between the shoulders, which is referred to as “hejamt-e-aam” in the Persian language. CD4+T cells also refer to T helper lymphocytes play a critical role in the immune system. Naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into at least four subsets, T helper 1 (Th1), T helper 2 (Th2), T helper 1...

One theory of immune regulation involves homeostasis between T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2) activity. The Th1/Th2 hypothesis arose from 1986 research suggesting mouse T-helper cells expressed differing cytokine patterns. This hypothesis was adapted to human immunity, with Th1- and Th2-helper cells directing different immune response pathways. Th1 cells drive the type-1 pathway ("cellular...

A number of recent reports indicate the existence of more than one type of helper T cell (I-6). A previous publication from our laboratory (3) demonstrated two types of carrier-specific helper T cells that independently and synergistically exert helper effects on the hapten-specific antibody response. One type (Thl) 1 is a more conventional helper T cell that helps hapten-specific B cells only ...

interleukin-4 (il-4) is produced by t-helper cells type 2 (th2) and induces ige synthesis. t-helper cells type 1 (th1) produce interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) which suppresses th2 and reduces il-4 induced ige production. in this :;tudy , we demonstrated that the levels of specific ige in the serum of atopic children (n=20) were elevated while il-4 production was increased and ifn-gamma secretion w...

The immune system is designed to eradicate a large variety of invading pathogens with minimum immunopathology. T helper cells, also known as CD4+ T cells, may be subdivided into the T helper 1 (Th1) and the T helper 2 (Th2) subsets, which produce distinct profiles of cytokines [1,2]. These Th1 and Th2 cells have opposing roles, regulating immune responses to intracellular and extracellular path...

Background and Objectives: Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in dysregulation of the cytokine profile. A switch from a T helper 1 (Th1) to a Th2 cytokine has been proposed as an important factor in progression of HIV infection to AIDS. The aim of the present study was to assess the level of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in HIV infected individuals in order to identify t...

Helper T (Th) cells regulate immune responses by producing various cytokines upon antigen stimulation. Helper T cells can be divided into two subsets, Th1 and Th2 [2]. The Th1 cells are responsible for defense against infectious intracellular microorganisms. The Th2 cells are responsible for defense against extracellular pathogens and the development of allergic immune reactions. The SOCS famil...

We have described here two distinct types of carrier-specific helper T cells which act independently and synergistically to augment the B-cell response to a hapten. They are separable by passage through a nylon wool column. The first type of helper T cell, which we designate as Th1, is nylon nonadherent, and can help the response of hapten-primed B cells only if the haptenic and carrier determi...