conclusions using the maximum dose depth from pdd curves and the inverse square law, the required ssdeff to calculate the dose distribution of the electron beam can be calculated. objectives the aim of this study was to determine the effective source-surface distance (ssdeff) of an electron linear accelerator (linac), and its dependence on energy and depth. materials and methods a varian linac ...

Introduction: Treatment with megavoltage electron beams is ideal for irradiating superficial tumors because of their limited range in tissues. However, for electron treatment of extended areas, such as the chest wall, two or more adjacent fields can be used. Abutment of these fields may lead to significant dose in homogeneities in the junction region. The aim of this study is to offer a new met...

Purposes: The dose in water caused by clinical electron-beam irradiation is mainly composed of the doses due to direct electrons, indirect and contaminant X-rays. In this paper, an analytical method for 3-dimensional (3D) calculation electrons direct-plus-indirect proposed light electron Monte Carlo (eMC) datasets. Methods: was performed square fields, based on a revised Gaussian pencil beam mo...

PURPOSE To calculate the output factor (OPF) of any irregularly shaped electron beam at extended SSD. METHODS Circular cutouts were prepared from 2.0 cm diameter to the maximum possible size for 15 × 15 applicator cone. In addition, two irregular cutouts were prepared. For each cutout, percentage depth dose (PDD) at the standard SSD and doses at different SSD values were measured using 6, 9, ...

Let K be the set of all oriented knots up to isotopy. There are several distance functions on K, such as the Gordian distance and the ♯-Gordian distance [9]. In general, given an ‘unknotting operation’, that is, a method to untie every knot, such as the ∆-unknotting operation introduced by S. Matveev [8] (see also [10]), one can define the corresponding distance function as the minimal number o...

In instance-based learning, a training set is given to a classifier for classifying new instances. In practice, not all information in the training set is useful for classifiers. Therefore, it is convenient to discard irrelevant instances from the training set. This process is known as instance reduction, which is an important task for classifiers since through this process the time for classif...

in instance-based learning, a training set is given to a classifier for classifying new instances. in practice, not all information in the training set is useful for classifiers. therefore, it is convenient to discard irrelevant instances from the training set. this process is known as instance reduction, which is an important task for classifiers since through this process the time for classif...

functionally graded aluminium/zirconia metal matrix composite was fabricated using stir casting technique followed by horizontal centrifugal casting process and a hollow cylindrical functionally graded composite (150 x 150 x 16 mm) was obtained with centrifuging speed of 1200 rpm. the microstructural evaluation and hardness test was carried out on the outer and inner surface of the functionally...