place is a part of geographical space and a base for establishment of social relations. each place is unique according to its specific properties, functions and history. meanwhile, some places find symbol identity due to their especial historical events and properties and this identity would be maintained in the minds and moved to the other generations. for example azadi tower in tehran and sav...

This article forges an explicit link between an objective measure of political constraints and variation in cross-national growth rates. It derives a new measure of political constraints from a simple spatial model of political interaction that incorporates information on the number of independent branches of government with veto power and the distribution of preferences across and within those...

a total of 260709 monthly test day milk records of 30903 first lactation holstein cows was used to determine the best function to describe the lactation curve. the records were obtained from first lactation holstein of 216 herds from 1988 to 2006 in khorasan province. the functions used in current study were wood’s incomplete gamma function, ali and schaeffer function, and legendre function of ...

The uniformly minimum variance unbiased (UMVU), maximum likelihood, percentile (PC), least squares (LS) and weighted least squares (WLS) estimators of the probability density function (pdf) and cumulative distribution function are derived for the generalized Rayleigh distribution. This model can be used quite effectively in modelling strength data and also modeling general lifetime data. It has...

Humans are a coalitional, parochial species. Yet, extreme actions of solidarity are sometimes taken for distant or unrelated groups. What motivates people to become solidary with groups to which they do not belong originally? Here, we demonstrate that such distant solidarity can occur when the perceived treatment of an out-group clashes with one's political beliefs (e.g., for Leftists, oppressi...

Immigration may adversely affect political stability if conflict becomes endemic among heterogeneous groups of people living in close proximity due to the process of migration. If so, the governments could respond by preventive militarisation. The results from two-stage-least squares estimation indicate that higher immigrant share significantly reduces political stability. In addition, higher i...