Subsequent events seem to indicate that, when President Kennedy, in July of 1961, made his appeal for family fallout shelters, he was not doing so because he thought the shelters would protect a large part of the public from a likely nuclear attack. Rather, it seems, his intent in the shelter program, as in the call-up of reserves that took place at about the same time, was to enhance the credi...

In order to protect the living environment and effectively control harmful gas composition in basement of civil air defense wartime, this paper studies pollutants a project Jinan by CFD numerical simulation technology, simulates CO 2 concentration distribution under three different forms defense. The results show that when second-class shelter reaches high-density population environment, condit...

introduction: bioterrorism is a worldwide problem and has been the focus of attention during recent decades. there is no precise information on the knowledge, attitude, and preparedness of iranian red crescent volunteers in dealing with bioterrorism. therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the above-mentioned parameters in mahabad red crescent society volunteers. methods: in this prospec...

In this investigation, it was tried to identify major requirements of Ramsar city concerning passive and civil defense and to propose necessary strategies via evaluation of principles and methods of passive defense in preparation of civil plans especially from land use perspective. The objective of the present study was urban planning using passive defense principles and approaches in Ramsar, d...