Environmental matters are more complicated. Sustainability of environment requires an integrated approach to decisions making, planning, and management. Therefore, there is a need for a professional and systematic environmental management approach to reducing the consumption of resources. This approach is generally lacking in most universities, and therefore achievement of sustainability become...

The traditional architectural methods used in the historical cities of Iran provide useful information on various fields related to architecture and urban planning. Of particular interest are the techniques used for designing open and closed spaces in houses located in the hot and humid climate zone. The proportions observed for the courtyard in such houses have a great role in determining the ...

We determined the seasonal ecophysiological performance under perennial plants and under high solar radiation for adult individuals from the 'living rock' cactus Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus, which occurs equally under nurse plants and in open spaces. We evaluated the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) and the dissipation of thermal energy [non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)] thorou...

This paper presents some of the findings of the European project, RUROS, concentrating on the effect of microclimatic conditions on the use of open spaces in an urban Mediterranean environment. The findings confirm that there is a strong relationship between microclimatic conditions and use of open spaces. Regarding the users of open spaces, a sensitivity to the summer heat was apparent for the...

introduction climate has always been one the main factors of designing urban spaces in iran since past centuries. by analyzing urban spaces it can be concluded that different cities have different urban spaces due to climate differences. one of the main reasons of the differences in the type and orientation of urban spaces is the climate as one of the key factors in designing these areas. regar...

Eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) feeding behavior often varies in different surroundings. Moreover, predation decreases gray squirrel foraging activity and influences the types of areas in which they choose to forage. We examined whether shaded areas help gray squirrels hide from predators, allowing them to eat more food as opposed to being in open areas. Our hypothesis stated that ...

1. Hypericum perforatum , St John’s wort, is an invasive weed of natural and agroecosystems in south-eastern Australia. In previous work we used a long-term data set to determine which plant traits and environmental factors influence population growth and persistence in this species. These results were then used to parameterize an individualbased model of the population dynamics of H. perforatu...

As an inseparable organ, courtyards have influenced the history of architecture with their presence in the context of constructed sites and in a wider sense (architecture), it has provided permissive answers to numerous aspects of climatic, cultural and security demands of the residents. Discovering different aspects of environmental and climatic function in the central courtyard of the traditi...

Foliar ozone uptake rates of different-sized black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) trees were compared within a deciduous forest and adjacent openings in north-central Pennsylvania during one growing season. Study trees included open-grown seedlings and saplings, forest understory seedlings and saplings, and sunlit and shaded portions of mature canopy tree crowns. Instantaneous ozone uptake rate...