Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder with motor and non-motor signs and symptoms. PD is caused by idiopathic degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra, located in the midbrain. Recently, Trace elements have been recognized to play an important role in the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The aim of this review ...

background & aim:parkinson's disease (pd) is a kind of disorder in the nervous system, which is characterized with multiple movement disorders. factors such as oxidative stress are the most important causes for the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and occurrence of parkinson's disease. thus, medications that have antioxidant functions could be an interestin...

background: free radical formation and oxidative stress might play an important role in the pathogenesis of parkinson's disease (pd). in vitro data indicate that neuromelanin (nm) pigment is formed the excess cytosolic catecholamine that is not accumulated into synaptic vesicles via the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (vmat2). we designed this study to investigate the neuroprotective eff...

Parkinson`s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer`s disease. It is a chronic and progressive disease, and mostly afflicts elderlies. PD starts with sudden onsets and the exact cause of the disease is still unknown, however there are some early symptoms that can help us to diagnose the disease and ameliorate its effects. PD is a multi-factorial disease...

parkinson`s disease (pd) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after alzheimer`s disease. it is a chronic and progressive disease, and mostly afflicts elderlies. pd starts with sudden onsets and the exact cause of the disease is still unknown, however there are some early symptoms that can help us to diagnose the disease and ameliorate its effects. pd is a multi-factorial disease...

b a c k ground: several studies have indicated that executive dysfunction is the main neuropsychological feature of parkinson’s disease (pd). the frontal assessment battery (fab) is a short tool for the assessment of executive functions. p u r p o s e : the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between persian version of fab scores and age, education, mini-mental state examination...

background & aim: parkinson's disease (pd) can be created with loss of dopaminergic substantial nigra neurons which is widely associated with oxidative stress and reduced glutathione (gsh), as the most important and abundant thiol in tissues and one of the antioxidant defense, is one of the earliest biochemical events related to parkinson's and consumption of antioxidants has a protec...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. It is expected to impose an increasing economic and social burden on human populations. The motor symptoms of PD are well known, including age-dependent uncontrollable resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, posture instability. In the non-motor symptoms, cognitive changes, d...

cognitive deficits such as impairments in attention, memory, information processing and executive functioning can be found in some parkinson's disease (pd) patients. recent studies suggested that pd drivers generally performed poorer than their healthy age-matched controls with regards to their cognitive and motor abilities during the psychometric testing. according to michon’s model of ca...