forage is the main product of rangelands. so, determining its economic value as one of the main important nonmonetary functions can help managers to improve planning and optimal utilization management of rangelands. the main purpose of this study is to estimate the economic valuation of the forage of summer rangelands in nour-roud watershed basin in mazandaran province. consequently, total fora...

1. introduction the meaning of sustainability is an effort to reach the best results in human and environmental programs which are considered to be for present and future. zayandeh-rud is the most important and vital river in esfahan area which is used in agriculture, industry, providing drinking water and all other economic sectors. this river is originated from the zagros mountains – zardkooh...

Because wrist rotation dynamics are dominated by stiffness (Charles SK, Hogan N. J Biomech 44: 614-621, 2011), understanding how humans plan and execute coordinated wrist rotations requires knowledge of the stiffness characteristics of the wrist joint. In the past, the passive stiffness of the wrist joint has been measured in 1 degree of freedom (DOF). Although these 1-DOF measurements inform u...

I prove that there is a recursive function T that does the following: Let X be transitive and rud closed, and let X ′ be the closure of X ∪{X} under rud functions. Given a Σ0 formula φ(x) and a code c for a rud function f , T (φ, c, ~x) is a Σω formula such that for any ~a ∈ X, X ′ |= φ[f(~a)] iff X |= T (φ, c, ~x)[~a]. I make this precise and show relativized versions of this. As an applicatio...

Recently, there has been a lot of interest in temporal gran-ularity, and its applications in temporal dependency theory and data mining. Generalization hierarchies used in multi-dimensional databases and OLAP serve a role similar to that of time granularity in temporal databases, but they also apply to non-temporal dimensions, like space. In this paper, we rst generalize temporal functional dep...

Recently, there has been a lot of interest in temporal granularity, and its applications in temporal dependency theory and data mining. Generalization hierarchies used in multi-dimensional databases and OLAP serve a role similar to that of time granularity in temporal databases, but they also apply to non-temporal dimensions, like space. In this paper, we first generalize temporal functional de...

BACKGROUND The interRAI-Home Care (interRAI-HC) instrument is commonly used in routine care to assess care and service needs, resource utilisation and health outcomes of community dwelling home care clients. Potentially, the interRAI-HC can also be used to calculate societal costs in economic evaluations. The purpose of this study was to assess the convergent validity of the interRAI-HC instrum...

Subject-specific musculoskeletal models require accurate values of muscle moment arms. The aim of this study was to compare moment arms of wrist tendons obtained from non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to those obtained from an in vitro experimental approach. MRI was performed on ten upper limb cadaveric specimens to obtain the centrelines for the flexor carpi radialis (FCR), flexor ...

AIM Physicians' inappropriate prescribing habits affect patients' lives both medically and financially. To avoid these unwanted situations, the World Health Organization defined the rational use of drugs (RUD) in 1985. This study aimed to investigate whether patients were as informed about their diagnosis and medication as anticipated and their knowledge about the RUD in general. METHODS A qu...

Livestock grazing potentially has substantial influence on fuel characteristics in rangelands around the globe. However, information quantifying the impacts of grazing on rangeland fuel characteristics is limited, and the effects of grazing on fuels are important because fuel characteristics are one of the primary factors determining risk, severity, continuity, and size of wildfires. We investi...