We present a setting for the study of torsion theories in general categories. The idea is to associate, with any pair ($\mathcal T$, $\mathcal F$) full replete subcategories category C$, corresponding subcategory Z = \mathcal T \cap F$ \emph{trivial objects} C$. morphisms which factor through Z$ are called Z$-trivial, and these form an ideal morphisms, respect one can define Z$-prekernels, Z$-p...

The goal of the present paper is a survey of methods to solve equation systems common in cryptanalysis. The methods depend on the equation representation and fall into three categories: Gröbner basis algorithms, SAT-solving methods and Agreeing-Gluing algorithms.

iranian cinema has shown various and different pictures of iranian society in different periods and from appearance time up to now. iranian society has been changed indifferent features such as social, cultural and economic as well as all changing society in recent decades. one of the social variants is the concept of the life style to understand iranian contemporary changes. we community in re...

Understanding spoken language is an exceptional computational achievement of the human cognitive apparatus. Theories of how humans recognize spoken words fall into two categories: Some theories assume a fully bottom-up flow of information, in which successively more abstract representations are computed. Other theories, in contrast, assert that activation of a more abstract representation (e.g....

This article argues that the general practice of describing interrater reliability as a single, unified concept is at best imprecise, and at worst potentially misleading. Rather than representing a single concept, different statistical methods for computing interrater reliability can be more accurately classified into one of three categories based upon the underlying goals of analysis. The thre...

In a pointed category with kernels and cokernels, we characterize torsion–free classes in terms of their closure under extensions. They are also described as indexed reflections. We obtain a corresponding characterization of torsion classes by formal categorical dualization.