the patents’ term prolongation through protecting the new detected uses is the problematic matter that has been seriously attended by the developed countries in recent years. iranian legislators’ uncertainty toward the subject within the respective legislatures illustrates the legal importance of taking a stance, which is consistent with the primary principles of patent law and international ob...

IV. PATENTABILITY OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INVENTIONS IN EUROPE............................................................................ 583 A. The European Patent Convention............................. 583 B. Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions ...... 589 1. Procedure for Adoption of a Directi...

Although in the European Union (the Union) the substantive rules for the patenting of biotechnological inventions are governed by Directive 98/44, the actual examination and grant of patents in Europe is provided by the European Patent Office (EPO), which is not part of the Union legal order and acts according to a non-Union legal instrument, the European Patent Convention (EPC). This hybrid si...

Neither the European Patent Convention (EPC) nor the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) have touched and influenced in any manner the way in which patents can be presently enforced in the member countries of the European Union (EU) and/or of EPC. This situation, however, would change dramatically if some kind of a Community Patent (CP) would be introduced, the fate of a draft EU Regulation for int...

the european :union: in its policy declarations states that the respect for human rights is a requirement in its internal and external relations. for instance, accession of european countries to the :union:, enjoying its services, and even signing an agreement with non-members is dependent on the observation of human rights. in this paper, the position of human rights in the european :union: le...

The European Patent Organization not being a EU member state is not subject to this formal requirement of implementing the Directive. It is, however, highly desirable to have a common standard throughout Europe regarding the patenting of biotechnological inventions. The European Patent Organization recently decided to implement the rules of the Directive into the Implementing Regulations to the...

The European area has developed a regional patenting system that has been evolving since the late 1970s. Major changes have been made to patenting procedures, patent rights, and patenting costs. Further changes are expected in the European region with the adoption of the Community Patent Convention (CPC), which will further streamline procedures and introduce new laws. The question of interest ...

Gender patterns in technological and engineering research careers were explored in the EU funded 13-country study PROMETEA in 2005-2007, including old and new EU member states, and Serbia, the Russian Federation and Chile. Drawing from this study, the article analyses the gendering of key arenas of excellence in technological and engineering research from a comparative international perspective...